This article lists common abbreviations for grammatical terms that are used in linguistic
interlinear gloss
In linguistics and pedagogy, an interlinear gloss is a gloss (series of brief explanations, such as definitions or pronunciations) placed between lines, such as between a line of original text and its translation into another language. When gloss ...
ing of
oral language
A spoken language is a language produced by articulate sounds or (depending on one's definition) manual gestures, as opposed to a written language. An oral language or vocal language is a language produced with the vocal tract in contrast with a si ...
s in English.
The list provides conventional glosses as established by standard inventories of glossing abbreviations such as the Leipzig Glossing rules,
the most widely known standard. These will generally be the glosses used on Wikipedia. Synonymous glosses are listed as alternatives for reference purposes. In a few cases, long and short standard forms are listed, intended for texts where that gloss is rare or common.
Conventions
* Grammatical abbreviations are generally written in full or small caps to visually distinguish them from the translations of lexical words. For instance, capital or small-cap (frequently abbreviated to ) glosses a grammatical past-tense morpheme, while lower-case 'past' would be a literal translation of a word with that meaning. Similarly, (small) cap might be a locative suffix used in nominal inflections, prototypically indicating direction downward but possibly also used where it is not translatable as 'down' in English, whereas lower-case 'down' would be a direct English translation of a word meaning 'down'.
[Nina Sumbatova, 'Dargwa', in Maria Polinskaya (ed.) ''The Oxford Handbook of Languages of the Caucasus.''] Not all authors follow this convention.
* Person-number-gender is often further abbreviated, in which case the elements are not small caps. E.g. 3ms or 3msg for , 2fp or 2fpl for , also 1di for and 1pe for .
[
*Authors may more severely abbreviate glosses than is the norm, if they are particularly frequent within a text, e.g. rather than for 'immediate past'. This helps keep the gloss graphically aligned with the parsed text when the abbreviations are longer than the morphemes they gloss. Such shortened forms may be ambiguous with other authors or texts are so are not presented as normative here. Glosses may also be less abbreviated than the norm if they are not common in a particular text, so as to not tax the reader, e.g. for 'transitivizer' or for 'subjunctive'. At the extreme, glosses may not be abbreviated at all but simply written in small caps, e.g. , or rather than , , . Such long, obvious abbreviationse.g. in ][ have been omitted from the list below, but are always possible.
*A morpheme will sometimes be used as its own gloss. This is typically done when it is the topic of discussion, and the author wishes it to be immediately recognized in the gloss among other morphemes with similar meanings, or when it has multiple or subtle meanings that would be impractical to gloss with a single conventional abbreviation. For example, if a passage has two contrasting nominalizing suffixes under discussion, ''ɣiŋ'' and ''jolqəl'', they may be glossed and , with the glosses explained in the text.][ This is also seen when the meaning of a morpheme is debated, and glossing it one way or another would prejudice the discussion.
*Lexical morphemes are typically translated, using lower-case letters, though they may be given a grammatical gloss in small caps if they play a grammatical role in the text. Exceptions include proper nouns, which typically are not translated, and kinship terms, which may be too complex to translate. Proper nouns/names may simply be repeated in the gloss, or may be replaced with a placeholder such as "(name.)" or "" (for a female name). For kinship glosses, see the dedicated section below for a list of standard abbreviations.
*Lehmann recommends that abbreviations for syntactic roles not be used as glosses for ]arguments
An argument is a statement or group of statements called premises intended to determine the degree of truth or acceptability of another statement called conclusion. Arguments can be studied from three main perspectives: the logical, the dialectic ...
, as they are not morphological categories. Glosses for case should be used instead, e.g. or for A.agent
Agent may refer to:
Espionage, investigation, and law
*, spies or intelligence officers
* Law of agency, laws involving a person authorized to act on behalf of another
** Agent of record, a person with a contractual agreement with an insuranc ...
of transitive verb), B (core benefactive
The benefactive case (abbreviated , or sometimes when it is a core argument) is a grammatical case used where English would use "for", "for the benefit of", or "intended for", e.g. "She opened the door ''for Tom''" or "This book is ''for Bob''" ...
),[Irina Nikolaeva & Maria Tolskaya (2001) ''A Grammar of Udighe''. Mouton de Gruyter.] D or I (core dative / indirect object),[ E (experiencer of sensory verb),][ G or R ( goal or recipient – indirect object of ditransitive verb),][ L (location argument),][ O or P (]patient
A patient is any recipient of health care services that are performed by healthcare professionals. The patient is most often ill or injured and in need of treatment by a physician, nurse, optometrist, dentist, veterinarian, or other hea ...
of transitive verb), S (single argument of intransitive verb), SA (Sa) and SP or SO (Sp, So) (agent- and patient-like argument in split-S alignment),[ Se and Sx (argument of equative/copular and existential verb),][John Du Bois, Lorraine Kumpf & William Ashby (2003) ''Preferred Argument Structure''] Su (subject of v.t. or v.i.),[ and T (theme – direct object of ditransitive verb).][
:These abbreviations are, however, commonly used as the basis for glosses for symmetrical voice systems (formerly called 'trigger' agreement, and by some still 'focus' (misleadingly, as it is not grammatical focus), such as (agent voice), (beneficiary 'focus'), (locative 'trigger').
*Glosses for generic concepts like 'particle', 'infix', 'tense', 'object marker' and the like are generally to be avoided in favor of specifying the precise value of the morpheme.][ These are not listed below as they are not glosses for morphological values.
]
Lists
Nonabbreviated English words used as glosses are not included in the list below. Caution is needed with short glosses like , , and , which could potentially be either abbreviations or (as in these cases) nonabbreviated English prepositions used as glosses.
Transparent compounds of the glosses below, such as or 'remote past', a compound of 'remote' and 'past', are not listed separately.
Abbreviations beginning with (generalized glossing prefix for ''non-'', ''in-'', ''un-'') are not listed separately unless they have alternative forms that are included. For example, is not listed, as it is composable from + . This convention is grounded in the Leipzig Glossing Rules.[Maria Polinskaya (ed.) ''The Oxford Handbook of Languages of the Caucasus.'']
Some sources are moving from classical lative () terminology to 'directional' (), with concommitant changes in the abbreviations. Other authors contrast -lative and -directive.[
Some sources use alternative abbreviations to distinguish e.g. ''nominalizer'' from ''nominalization'',][ or shorter abbreviations for compounded glosses in synthetic morphemes than for independent glosses in agglutinative morphemes.][ These are seldom distinct morphosyntactic categories in a language, though some may be distinguished in historical linguistics. They are not distinguished below, as any such usage tends to be idiosyncratic to the author.
]
Punctuation and numbers
Grammatical abbreviations
{, class="wikitable"
, +
! Conventional Gloss
! Variants
! Meaning
! Reference
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, athematic ( athematic tense-aspect-mood, athematic antecedent, etc.)
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, associating (prefix on case abbreviation)
, ][
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, addressee authority (cf. )
, ][
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, from. May be equivalent to or . Compounded for , , etc. if a single morpheme, as , or , etc. if not.
,
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, ,
, above deictic center
, ][Diana Forker (2019) ''Elevation as a category of grammar: Sanzhi Dargwa and beyond'']
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, ,
, abessive case
In linguistics, abessive (abbreviated or ), caritive and privative (abbreviated ) is the grammatical case expressing the lack or absence of the marked noun. In English, the corresponding function is expressed by the preposition '' without'' or ...
( caritive case or privative case: 'without')
Lehmann (2004) recommends using privative () or aversive () instead[Christian Lehmann (2004), Interlinear morphemic glossing, In: Booij, Geert & Lehmann, Christian & Mugdan, Joachim & Skopeteas, Stavros (eds.)]
Morphologie. Ein internationales Handbuch zur Flexion und Wortbildung. 2. Halbband
Berlin: W. de Gruyter (Handbücher der Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft, 17.2), p. 1834-1857, taken fro
authors draft
/ref>
, [
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,
, ablative case ('from')
, ][
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,
, ablative-modalis case
, ][Osahito Miyaoka (2012) ''A Grammar of Central Alaskan Yupik (CAY)''. De Gruyter.]
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, ,
, absolutive case
In grammar, the absolutive case (abbreviated ) is the case of nouns in ergative–absolutive languages that would generally be the subjects of intransitive verbs or the objects of transitive verbs in the translational equivalents of nominative ...
, [Bernd Heine & Tania Kuteva (2006) ''The changing languages of Europe.'']
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,
, absolute (free, non-incorporated form of noun)
, [
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, abstract (of nominal)
, ][Niels Smit (2010) ''FYI: Theory and typology of information packaging'']
, -
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,
, about
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, motion across (as opposed to up/down-hill, -river)
,
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,
, animacy classifier
, ][
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, accusative case
, ][
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, accompanier
, ][Mark Donohue & Søren Wichmann (2008) ''The Typology of Semantic Alignment'']
, -
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,
, achievement
, [
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, ,
, accomplishment
, ][William McGregor (2013) ''Verb Classification in Australian Languages''][
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, , cn?
, actor role.
, ]active voice
Active voice is a grammatical voice common in many of the world's languages. It is the unmarked voice for clauses featuring a transitive verb in nominative–accusative languages, including English and most other Indo-European languages. A ...
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, actual
, ][
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, actualizing
, ][
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, activity
, ][
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, near, by. May be equivalent to or . Compounded for , (irregular ), etc. if a single morpheme, as , , etc. if not.
, ][
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, agent demotion
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, anti-deictic
, ][
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, adaptive
, ][
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,
, additive case; additive focus
, ][
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, , ,
, ]adessive case
In grammar, an adessive case ( abbreviated ; from Latin '' adesse'' "to be present (at)": ''ad'' "at" + ''esse'' "to be") is a grammatical case generally denoting location at, upon, or adjacent to the referent of the noun; the term is most frequent ...
('at'; more specific than ). See .
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, adelative
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, ]adjective
In linguistics, an adjective (list of glossing abbreviations, abbreviated ) is a word that generally grammatical modifier, modifies a noun or noun phrase or describes its referent. Its semantic role is to change information given by the noun.
Tra ...
( adjectivizer)
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, adjunct
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,
, adjectivizer
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, admonitive mood (warning)
, ][
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, ,
, addressive; addressee-anchored/orientated/perspective
, ][Marian Klamer, Antoinette Schapper, Creville Corbett (2017) ''The Alor-Pantar languages: History and typology''][
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,
, adverb(ial) ( ~ adverbializer); ]adverbial case
The adverbial case (abbreviated ) is a noun case in Abkhaz and Georgian with a function similar to that of the translative and essive cases in Finnic languages
The Finnic (''Fennic'') or more precisely Balto-Finnic (Balto-Fennic, Baltic Fin ...
, [Seppo Kittilä, Katja Västi, Jussi Ylikoski (2011) ''Case, Animacy and Semantic Roles''][Bernard Comrie (2012) ''Relative Clauses in Languages of the Americas: A Typological Overview''][
, -
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, adverb marker
, ][
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, , ,
, adversative (maleficiary, 'whereas')
, ][
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, adverbializer
, ][
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, , ,
, aequalis (equalis) case (like, as), equational particle, ]equative
The term equative (or equational) is used in linguistics to refer to constructions where two entities are equated with each other. For example, the sentence ''Susan is our president'', equates two entities "Susan" and "our president". In English, ...
(adj in nominal clause; = active, stative equative)
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, ,
, affirmative
, ][
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,
, affectionate
, ][
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,
, aforementioned
, ][
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,
, affective case
, ][Anna Siewierska & Jae Jung Song (1998) ''Case, Typology, and Grammar: In Honor of Barry J. Blake''][
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, a
, argument-focus marker
, ][
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, away from water (= )
,
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, aggregate, collective (cf. )
, ][
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, , ,
, agent nominalization/noun
, ][
, -
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, ,
, ]agreement Agreement may refer to:
Agreements between people and organizations
* Gentlemen's agreement, not enforceable by law
* Trade agreement, between countries
* Consensus, a decision-making process
* Contract, enforceable in a court of law
** Meeting o ...
affix (typically number–gender; cf. )
Lehmann (2004) recommends avoiding and specifying agreement categories.[
, -
!
,
, ]agentive case Agentive may refer to:
*An agentive suffix
*The agentive case
*A grammatical agent
In linguistics, a grammatical agent is the thematic relation of the cause or initiator to an event. The agent is a semantic concept distinct from the subject of ...
( agentive nominalizer)
, [
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,
, adjacent
, ][
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, cn?
, ]alienable possession
In linguistics, inalienable possession (list of glossing abbreviations, abbreviated ) is a type of possession (linguistics), possession in which a noun is Obligatory possession, obligatorily possessed by its possessor. Nouns or nominal (linguist ...
, [
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, ,
, ]allative case
In grammar, the allative case (; abbreviated ; from Latin ''allāt-'', ''afferre'' "to bring to") is a type of locative grammatical case. The term allative is generally used for the lative case in the majority of languages that do not make finer ...
('to'; also 'aditive' , 'adlative', 'addirective')
, [
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, ]allocutive
In linguistics, allocutive agreement (abbreviated or ) refers to a morphological feature in which the gender of an addressee is marked overtly in an utterance using fully grammaticalized markers Trask, L. ''The History of Basque'' Routledge: 1 ...
(addressee honorific)
, [
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,
, alterphoric, =
, ][Floyd, Norcliffe & San Roque (2018) ''Egophoricity'']
, -
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,
, ambiphoric pronoun
, [
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,
, amplifier
, ][
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, ,
, ]animate gender
Animacy (antonym: inanimacy) is a grammatical and semantic feature, existing in some languages, expressing how sentient or alive the referent of a noun is. Widely expressed, animacy is one of the most elementary principles in languages around t ...
( animate plural; ''cf'' ; may exclude human referents)
, [
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, ,
, anaphoric (demonstrative, suffix)
, ][
, -
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,
, action narrowly averted
, ][
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,
, andative ('going towards', ''cf'' venitive)
, ][
, -
!
,
, anterior tense (relative tense; used for in some traditions)
, ][
, -
!
, ,
, anticipated (future), anticipating
, ][
, -
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,
, in front of. May be equivalent to or . Compounded for , , etc. if a single morpheme, as , , etc. if not.
, ][
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,
, anteelative (antelative)
, ][
, -
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,
, antessive case, anteessive ('before')
, ][
, -
! ,
,
, ]anticausative
An anticausative verb ( abbreviated ) is an intransitive verb that shows an event affecting its subject, while giving no semantic or syntactic indication of the cause of the event. The single argument of the anticausative verb (its subject) is a ...
, [Martin Haspelmath & Andrea Sims (2010) ''Understanding Morphology.'' 2nd edition. Hodder Education][
, -
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,
, anticipatory ( anticipatory subject)
, ][
, -
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, , , ,
, ]antipassive voice
The antipassive voice (abbreviated or ) is a type of grammatical voice that either does not include the object or includes the object in an oblique case. This construction is similar to the passive voice, in that it decreases the verb's valency ...
, [Wolfgang Schulze (2010) ''The Grammaticalization of Antipassives''][
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!
,
, antelative (ante-lative), antedirective
, ][
, -
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,
, agent-orientated verb
, ][
, -
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,
, attributive oblique
, ][Diana Forker ''Evidentiality in Nakh-Daghestanian languages '']
, -
!
,
, aorist (= )
, [
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,
, adverbial particle ote: better to gloss the actual meaning, ][
, -
!
,
, adjective prefix
, ][
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!
, , ,
, applicative (subtypes etc.)][N. J. Enfield (2002) ''Ethnosyntax: Explorations in Grammar and Culture''][
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,
, ]apposition
Apposition is a grammatical construction in which two elements, normally noun phrases, are placed side by side so one element identifies the other in a different way. The two elements are said to be ''in apposition'', and one of the elements is ...
, appositional mood
, [
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,
, approbation
, ][
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,
, apprehensive mood, apprehensional ('lest')
, ][
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, , ,
, active participle, ]present participle
In linguistics, a participle () (from Latin ' a "sharing, partaking") is a nonfinite verb form that has some of the characteristics and functions of both verbs and adjectives. More narrowly, ''participle'' has been defined as "a word derived from ...
, [
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,
, approximative
, ][
, -
!
,
, near, in the vicinity of. May be equivalent to or . Compounded for , , etc. if a single morpheme, as , , etc. if not.
, ][
, -
!
, ,
, areal (place/time/situation)
, ][
, -
!
,
, argumentative
, ][Leon Stassen (2009) ''Predicative Possession.'' OUP.]
, -
!
,
, article
Article often refers to:
* Article (grammar), a grammatical element used to indicate definiteness or indefiniteness
* Article (publishing), a piece of nonfictional prose that is an independent part of a publication
Article may also refer to:
G ...
, [
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,
, actor (agent-role subject)
, ][
, -
!
, , ,
, (a) ]associative case
The associative case (abbreviated ) is a grammatical case which expresses associativity which is, although related, not identical to comitativity, which is expressed by using the comitative case
In grammar, the comitative case (; abbreviated ) is ...
('with', 'à'; not = ),
(b) associative plural
In mathematics, the associative property is a property of some binary operations, which means that rearranging the parentheses in an expression will not change the result. In propositional logic, associativity is a Validity (logic), valid rule ...
(also ),
(c) associative mood
(d) compounds, e.g. associated motion
, [Greville Corbett (2000) ''Number''][
, -
!
,
, ]aspect
Aspect or Aspects may refer to:
Entertainment
* ''Aspect magazine'', a biannual DVD magazine showcasing new media art
* Aspect Co., a Japanese video game company
* Aspects (band), a hip hop group from Bristol, England
* ''Aspects'' (Benny Carter ...
, aspectual
Lehmann (2004) recommends avoiding 'aspect' as a gloss and specifying the aspect.[
, -
!
,
, asserted past participle
, ][
, -
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, , cn?
, assumptive mood, assumed evidential
, ][
, -
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,
, assistive
, ][
, -
!
,
, asymmetric (= )
, ][
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,
, at (locative) nglish preposition as a gloss, ][
, -
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,
, attention-calling
, ][
, -
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, ,
, ]attributive
In grammar, an attributive expression is a word or phrase within a noun phrase that modifies the head noun. It may be an:
* attributive adjective
* attributive noun
* attributive verb
or other part of speech, such as an attributive numeral.
...
( attributive derived from place name), attributor
, [
, -
!
,
, auditory evidential, auditive
, ][
, -
!
,
, (a) augmentative; ]
(b) augment
Augment or augmentation may refer to:
Language
*Augment (Indo-European), a syllable added to the beginning of the word in certain Indo-European languages
* Augment (Bantu languages), a morpheme that is prefixed to the noun class prefix of nouns ...
(in Bantu noun classes)
(c) augmented number (e.g. of imperative)
, [
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,
, ]auxiliary verb
An auxiliary verb ( abbreviated ) is a verb that adds functional or grammatical meaning to the clause in which it occurs, so as to express tense, aspect, modality, voice, emphasis, etc. Auxiliary verbs usually accompany an infinitive verb or a ...
Per Lehmann (2004), this should only be used if it uniquely identifies the morpheme (i.e., there is only one auxiliary morpheme in the language.)[Hans-Martin Gärtner, Joachim Sabel, Paul Law (2011) ''Clause Structure and Adjuncts in Austronesian Languages''. De Gruyter.][Fay Wouk & Malcolm Ross, eds. (2002) ''The historical and typological development of westernAustronesian voice systems.'' Pacific Linguistics, Canberra][
, -
!
,
, aversative, ]aversive
In psychology, aversives are unpleasant stimuli that induce changes in behavior via negative reinforcement or positive punishment. By applying an aversive immediately before or after a behavior the likelihood of the target behavior occurring in ...
, [
, -
!
, ,
, 'be' verb (a conflation of and ) ]f.
F is the sixth letter of the Latin alphabet.
F may also refer to:
Science and technology Mathematics
* F or f, the number 15 in hexadecimal and higher positional systems
* ''p'F'q'', the hypergeometric function
* F-distribution, a cont ...
,
, -
!
,
, below deictic center
, [
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,
, ]benefactive case
The benefactive case (abbreviated , or sometimes when it is a core argument) is a grammatical case used where English would use "for", "for the benefit of", or "intended for", e.g. "She opened the door ''for Tom''" or "This book is ''for Bob''" ...
('for')
, [
, -
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,
, background
, ][Bernhard Wälchli, Bruno Olsson, Francesca Di Garbo (2019) ''Grammatical gender and linguistic complexity'', vol. I][
, -
!
,
, ]bivalent Bivalent may refer to:
* Bivalent (chemistry), a molecule formed from two or more atoms bound together
*Bivalent (engine), an engine that can operate on two different types of fuel
*Bivalent (genetics), a pair of homologous chromosomes
*Bivalent log ...
, [
, -
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,
, bottom (presumably also '')
, ][
, -
!
, ,
, boundary (a. boundary-emphasizing; b. geographic boundary)
, ][Ad Foolen, Gijs Mulder & ]Helen de Hoop
Helen de Hoop (born 1964) is a Dutch linguist and Professor of Theoretical Linguistics at Radboud University Nijmegen. She is known for her works on the relationship between the form and interpretation of language.
Education and career
de Hoop ...
(2018) ''Evidence for Evidentiality.'' John Benjamins.[
, -
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,
, bound root
, ][
, -
!
,
, boundary tone
, ][
, -
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,
, beneficiary voice/focus/trigger
, ][
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,
, ]common gender
In linguistics, grammatical gender system is a specific form of noun class system, where nouns are assigned with gender categories that are often not related to their real-world qualities. In languages with grammatical gender, most or all nouns ...
( or cs common singular, or cp common plural)
, [
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,
, conceptualizer
, ][Tasaku Tsunoda & Taro Kageyama, eds. (2006) ''Voice and Grammatical Relations: In Honor of Masayoshi Shibatani'']
, -
!
,
, 'compass', in languages where relative position is based on cardinal direction rather than left, right, front and behind ( compass ablative, compass allative)
, [Erich Round (2013) ''Kayardild Morphology and Syntax'']
, -
!
,
, complementizing (prefix on case abbreviation)
, [
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!
,
, ceased existence
, ][
, -
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,
, caritive case
, ][
, -
!
,
, cardinal numeral (morpheme or grammatical feature)
, ][
, -
!
, , ,
, causative
, ][Marvin Beachy (2005) ''An Overview of Central Dizin Phonology and Morphology'']
, -
!
,
, (a) conditional converb, (b) clause-chain marker
, [
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,
, core development
, ][
, -
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,
, conjunct dubitive neutral
, ][
, -
!
,
, conjunct dubitive preterite
, ][
, -
!
,
, continued event
, ][
, -
!
,
, centric case
, ][
, -
!
,
, centrifugal (motion)
, ][Antoine Guillaume & Harold Koch (2021) ''Associated Motion''. De Gruyter]
, -
!
,
, centripetal (motion)
, [
, -
!
,
, certainty (evidential)
, ][
, -
!
,
, cessative
, ][
, -
!
,
, contrastive focus
, ][
, -
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,
, at X's place, at the home of (from the French preposition '' chez'')
, ][
, -
!
,
, ]chômeur
The chômeur, in the context of grammar, is an element of a sentence that has been syntactically "demoted" from the nucleus to the periphery of a clause. The term comes from the French word for "unemployed". In a passive sentence, the agent is a ...
, [
, -
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,
, ]cohortative
In linguistics, hortative modalities (; abbreviated ) are verbal expressions used by the speaker to encourage or discourage an action. Different hortatives can be used to express greater or lesser intensity, or the speaker's attitude, for or a ...
(often = )
, [
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,
, contrary information flow
, ][
, -
!
, ,
, (a) circumstantive ('in', 'by')]
(b) circumstantial voice (= )
, [
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!
, , $
, (empty tag to mark second element of a circumfix)
, ][
, -
!
,
, circumferential
, ][
, -
!
,
, circumessive
,
, -
!
, ,
, cislocative
, ][
, -
!
,
, ]citation form
In morphology and lexicography, a lemma (plural ''lemmas'' or ''lemmata'') is the canonical form, dictionary form, or citation form of a set of word forms. In English, for example, ''break'', ''breaks'', ''broke'', ''broken'' and ''breaking'' a ...
ending
, [Pamela Munro (1987) ''Muskogean Linguistics'']
, -
!
,
, conjoint
{{Unreferenced, date=December 2009
The conjoint was a basic medical qualification in the United Kingdom administered by the United Examining Board. It is now no longer awarded. The Conjoint Board was superseded in 1994 by the United Examining Board ...
, [
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!
,
, close link (necessary condition; temporal closeness)
, ][
, -
!
,
, nominal class (in Bantu languages)
,
, -
!
,
, clause-level, e.g. clause-level 'and', completive clause marking
, ][
, -
!
, , ,
, classifier (base or morpheme) ( ]noun class
In linguistics, a noun class is a particular category of nouns. A noun may belong to a given class because of the characteristic features of its referent, such as gender, animacy, shape, but such designations are often clearly conventional. Some a ...
). Some distinguish classifier from class marker.[ ]
The category of classifier should be specified,[ or ""][
, -
!
,
, (a) conjugation marker;]
(b) noun-class marker;
(c) concatenative marker
, [
, -
!
,
, ]compound
Compound may refer to:
Architecture and built environments
* Compound (enclosure), a cluster of buildings having a shared purpose, usually inside a fence or wall
** Compound (fortification), a version of the above fortified with defensive struc ...
,
, -
!
, , , , , ,
, completive (completitive) aspect
Aspect or Aspects may refer to:
Entertainment
* ''Aspect magazine'', a biannual DVD magazine showcasing new media art
* Aspect Co., a Japanese video game company
* Aspects (band), a hip hop group from Bristol, England
* ''Aspects'' (Benny Carter ...
(e.g. completed past) – normally = [
, -
!
, , , ,
, ]comparative
general linguistics, the comparative is a syntactic construction that serves to express a comparison between two (or more) entities or groups of entities in quality or degree - see also comparison (grammar) for an overview of comparison, as well ...
, [
, -
!
, ,
, commitment, committal
, ][
, -
!
,
, ]common noun
A proper noun is a noun that identifies a single entity and is used to refer to that entity (''Africa'', ''Jupiter'', ''Sarah'', ''Microsoft)'' as distinguished from a common noun, which is a noun that refers to a class of entities (''continent, ...
(e.g. common-noun determiner)
, [
, -
!
,
, conjunct nominal
, ][
, -
!
, , ,
, connegative
, ][
, -
!
, ,
, ]conjunction
Conjunction may refer to:
* Conjunction (grammar), a part of speech
* Logical conjunction, a mathematical operator
** Conjunction introduction, a rule of inference of propositional logic
* Conjunction (astronomy), in which two astronomical bodies ...
, [
, -
!
, , ,
, ]construct state
In Afro-Asiatic languages, the first noun in a genitive phrase of a possessed noun followed by a possessor noun often takes on a special morphological form, which is termed the construct state (Latin ''status constructus''). For example, in Arabi ...